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Removing Chemical Contamination Residues from Beeswax

Contaminants in beeswax are of three types, those that are physically embodied or encapsulated in it, those that are chemically bound to it and those that are of a similar chemical makeup as the wax itself that will mix with wax to form an alloy.

Most of what appears on this page stems from my thoughts, that were originally expressed on The BioBee discussion list during March 2001, when the question arose about purifying and recycling beeswax to "Biological Beekeeping" standards.

Filtering... is dealt with in detail on the Wax Filtration page. A simple method for filtering dirty brood wax would be to melt it in the presence of slightly acidic water first, then pass it through a coarse cloth like hessian then a fine one like brushed cotton or surgical lint, it comes out lemon yellow, or a strong yellow, without any bleaching, if the final filter cloth is fine enough. So simple melting in water followed by filtration will get rid of most of the water soluble contaminants and particulate debris.

Commercially, different companies use different methods. Some use a volatile solvent then filter cold. Some melt and then pressure filter. The colour that the professionals achieve comes about by just getting all the particulate matter out. I do not think that they go to any trouble to match the colour batch to batch.

Whatever method of filtration is used it will not remove anything that is chemically attached to the wax molecules. But if microscopic resin beads are added to the filter medium that have a stronger affinity for the contaminants than the wax has, we can filter out the beads and attached trash by the methods mentioned above. This will reduce the contamination levels, but will not totally remove the unwanted molecules.

Washing of dark wax may be performed if the entrapped particles that are causing the contamination, and darkening, are so small that they pass through the filter. Beeswax can be lightened by warming the wax, over water, at just below boiling point (of the water) and then hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is added, which boils... forming very small bubbles that rise through the molten wax. This "wets" small water soluble particles that were previously suspended in the wax and allows them to separate. There is also a bleaching action as the "spare" oxygen is released. This process needs to be performed in a vessel that has tall sides so that the violent foaming does not cause spillage of wax and water.

If we apply this process to the wax that we suspect may have contamination:-
We have heat that will "drive off" volatile components.

We have a thorough wetting that will leach out water soluble particles.

We have a bleaching action caused by the breakdown of H₂O₂ into water and oxygen. The spare oxygen at the high temperature may oxidise some of our contaminants and the water solubility of the oxidised material may be greater (or less) than before.
Sun bleaching in a solar extractor will lighten the colour of the wax and the UV radiation may break up the contaminating molecules. The action of melting may help lose some of any volatile contamination.

Dilution by admixing fresh wax that is not contaminated is an attractive method of lowering the overall contamination percentage. This is simply achieved by the bees within the beehive, by using starter strips to get new comb drawn rather than full sheets of foundation. If the top few millimetres of comb is then trimmed off and destroyed when the wax in the comb is harvested then contamination rates will be lower still. To this end I think the only way to get a high percentage of freshly produced wax into comb is to use minimum sized starter strips of 15 mm to 20 mm deep.

Settlement of waxes of other types may occur if the mixed wax is held at melting point or just over for a prolonged period of time. However I think the best bet here is dissolve the beeswax in a solvent that does not dissolve the admixed waxes, such differential solution has a far greater chance of separating the components than physical settlement.

During the discussion I was asked... "What about wax contaminated with fluvalinate? Solar wax melters won't work... The glass blocks the UV light needed to photo degrade the wax."

My reply was along the lines of this...

First we need to establish what frequency of light will perform the degradation. But even when we know this (assuming there IS positive photo degradation of the fluvalinate) there are problems delivering the UV light. The light itself will not penetrate wax more than a few wavelengths (something less than a millionth of a metre).

We could use a very thin film of solid wax (of the order of 0.10 mm) which would be difficult to make and extremely difficult to handle. Molten wax would seem to be easier to handle. If the wax was passed between plates of glass that would transmit the light concerned and the gap between the plates was small (0.10 mm [0.004"]) large arrays of irradiating lights could be shone on to both sides of this sandwich. The whole assembly would be heated and thermostatically controlled. Although the irradiation would only cause degradation on the surface of this molten film, the surface itself would be continuously changing, due to turbulence & brownian motion, as the molten wax passed through the narrow gap.

Before you could use a system like this you would have to filter out all particulate matter from the wax and refine it to the stage that it was most able to transmit the UV light. We then have the problem of having to remove whatever the UV light breaks down the fluvalinate into... and what about flumethrin, amitraz, coumaphos and other items, are these also susceptible to UV light or do we have to find systems that will deal with these products individually?

Contamination by PDB Crystals
As far as I can tell... Any such residue will be vapourised in an ordinary solar wax melter. There is the added benefit of a little sun bleaching that will reduce some of the staining caused by contact with propolis and some pollens.

Activated charcoal can be used as a filtration media and will remove many chemical contaminants, however I am unsure if all the chemicals involved can be removed in this manner, nor do I know what residual levels may remain after such filtration.

As of February 2004 this page will not be further updated. Any future updates will occur on the replacement page which is situated at
http://www.dave-cushman.net/bee/waxdecont.html
which will open in a new window if you click on the link.

Written... 07 February 2002, Revised... 10 November 2002, Revised... 05 October 2003, Corrected... 20 February 2004,