Theory of Everything

Theory of Everything: an Explanation of Quantum Mechanics In Newtonian Terms

By Piers J Newberry

Abstract

A Newtonian mechanistic model for the electron is given which describes numerous characteristics of electron behaviour including quantum mechanical effects. The model predicts characteristics of electron behaviours which are known, through prior experimentation elsewhere, to exist. A general overview is given of the difficulties in producing models for particles and it shown in clear terms why the vortex model has favourable characteristics. The model provides a mechanistic description of electric and magnetic fields and therefore in totem provides a broad portion of a unified theory.

Key words

PACS: 12.10.-g - electron model, vortex, dense space, uneven space, TOE, theory of everything, unified theory, particle model.

Introduction

Using a vortex for a particle theory is counter instinctive. Human experience of vortices is that they decay, and experience of spheres is, on average, that they self sustain. However the subatomic world is a counter intuitive arena in which due to the zero frictionality of space vortices can self sustain [1] and display asymmetry which is necessary for the production of electric and magnetic fields at right angles to each other, a perfect stationary sphere is unlikely to produce this asymmetrical effect. It can also be seen that a loosely bound, or non bound, spinning sphere can under certain conditions decay into a vortex.

Next it is shown, via the process of eliminating other approaches on simplified logical grounds, that the vortex as a good candidate for examination:

Waveform theory [2] - this theory states that the universe is constructed from waveforms.

Disproof: it does not show what causes the waveforms; the center of the waveforms have no causality. In addition spinning waveforms cause wave center destructions. Some formulations of the Schrodinger Wavefunction are at odds with the shape with the circular nature of the wave form as produced by Wolff [2].

Formula only based theory

Disproof, the formula may be correct, but they provide no understanding of the mechanical basis, and consequently allow for a variety of erroneous postulations to be made as to the mechanical basis. Essentially they are not complete.

Configurations of extra dimensions

There are an infinite number of ways in which extra dimensions can be configured. This premise provides an infinite number of multi-dimensional constructions of the universe to be made.

Forms aside from the vortex

Disproof, generally they must assume a strongly cohesive nature to dimensionality. We do not see dimensionality clump together. For example if we spin a ball at light speed and then stop it, the space / time density around the ball disperses. There may be some critical value at which it becomes cohesive or it may be slightly cohesive or it may be subject to spatial pressure [3] but the vortex model is preferred on the Occam's razor principle: in that it does not need to include spatial cohesion; an inexplicable force for its formulation.

More indications that subatomic particles are formed from vortices of dense space / gravity arrive through the decay of small black holes. As they decay mass is lost from their centers causing acceleration in the angular momentum. Some layers may even reach superluminal speeds relative to an observer, whilst the layers remain at the speed of light relative to neighbouring layers. When all mass has decayed, from small black holes, there remains a shower of subatomic particles [4]. This shows a strong link between space density / gravitational rotation and particle formation.

It has been the instinct of many physicists such as Maxwell, Kelvin and Bohr to attempt to produce diagrammatic mechanistic descriptions of the atomic world quite simply as such models tend towards a non abstract clarity and therefore to credibility. As mechanism is the fundamental root of physics it is the most appropriate angle of attack. The prime impediment to these formulations is wave particle duality a phenomenon not seen in the supra atomic world. This barrier is surmounted below.

Methods

Following is a simplified diagram of a spatial vortex. The model used here allows a range of space time models to be used. These may be melded with this TOE at a later stage by others, for the time being though three dimensional space with time is used. The phrase dense space shall be used in this paper to cover many models of space / time. Dense space is not seen to be homogenous, with gravity waves and localized points of high space density and so this model it is easier to cognise using a gas analogy. This fits in with a variety of inhomogeneity models.

Figure one, shows a simplified schematic layout of the particle vortex and its motions. V is the direction of travel, R is the rotation of the vortex normal to the page caused my core emissions and the Magnus force and R2 is the rotation parallel to the page.

The attributes of the spiral are that it is self sustaining due to the Bernoulli effect between the layers of the spiral, and an 'energy filter' at the center of the spiral created by the falling of low angular vector speed dense space falling to the core and being ejected. A thin string of spiralling dense space is issues at right angles to the spiral from its center. The Bernoulli effect is a allowable in light of the non-homogeneity of space [which can be gas analogous in form due to temporary quantum particles]. It is not known whether the Bernoulli effect would work with homogenous space/time, and therefore it is possible that the self sustenance of the vortex also works with homogenous space time. The boundary conditions are likely to be complex, possibly fractal, in nature comprising probably of many layers of sub spirals which lower the angular vector interference between the layers of the spiral.

Wave Particle Duality

At the bottom of the spiral in Figure 1 an area of dense space is formed. This allows, when combined with asymmetrical core emission [explained later] for a spiral path to be formed by the vortex as shown below.

Figure 2 Diagrammatic side view of particle path.

As the relative speed at the top of the spiral in figure 1 is greater than at the bottom: (V + R compared to V – R), an area of greater space density is formed and deflection takes place as shown in Figure 2. This downward force is directly equivalent to a Magnus effect, and from a space density perspective the particle is experiencing approximate straight line travel relative to itself, the total cause is a combination of both effects for particles with high V + R.

Due to the egress of space density from the side of the spiral various wave forms can be created depending on the rate of the absorption of space, and its consequent ejection, this it is reliant on V and R and the parameters of dense space.

Figure 3. The shapes of the particle path - front view.

Particle Varieties

It is clear that a model for the electron may also hint at other species of particle, indeed the variability of this form is can be considered an indicator of validation for the model. The diagram below shows three varieties.

Figure 4 Showing three varieties of particle A, B, and C reading downwards. The straight blue arrow indicates overall vector motion. The other arrows indicate other rotational vectors.

Particle A shows core ejection from both sides. The red being the 'hot' [high angular momentum] and the blue showing the 'cold', this phenomenon is seen in real world instances of vortex phenomena called vortex tubes. Type B shows rotation of each layer of the vortex and consequently core shedding from one side. The core shedding above is a qualitative equivalent of magnetism. Particle C shows a very low energy vortex with insignificant shedding. Usefully, for the purposes of validation, there is also Type D a two dimensional version, this is useful because it is has been shown that light is a two dimensional quantity.

Electron Interaction.

Figure 5 Simple diagram shows a methodology for energy level exchange, the blue arrow shows core ejection from the uppermost electron the red arrow shows a photon being transmitted between the two vortices. The electrons have the same spin. Core ejection from the lower electron to the right is not shown.

As in Feynman diagrams electrons of differing energy have been shown to swap energy levels via photon exchange. The above depiction shows how this exchange can take place whilst obeying Newtonian laws. The topmost electron begins at a lower energy and is emitting its magnetic force line out towards the other electron. The magnetic line forces a vortex equilibrium imbalance which creates an excess of high energy vortex core material on the upper face of the vortex, the imbalance forces a section of the core to break away equivalent to a photon. The lower electron breaks away as a normal vector reaction. The photon reaches the low energy electron and the core is sped up, through the arrival of the photon, to a new energy level. Consequently energy exchange has taken place.

At first sight it appears unlikely that electrons will align in such a manner, but Newberry [6] shows how electrons are turned in gradations of dense space.

Schrödinger Wave Form

It is difficult to produce a linear wave from an object which does not have a flat face. That a vortex with spiral motion does reproduce a wave of spatial density in accordance with the Schrodinger Equation for a free moving electron is a significant confirmation of this Vortex Theory.

Figure 6. Showing the progression of the vortex travelling upwards to the apex of its spiral motion. The arrow indicates approximate rotation of the vortex which is denoted by the circles. The dotted line shows the spiral vector of the vortex.

As the vortex moves towards its apex it draws out a linear wave of space density compression due to the high density space zone at the approximate base of the vortex which vectors volumes of dense space in a vertical direction.

Other Validation

In the Stern-Gerlach experiment a beam of left handed and right handed electrons is seen to split in a vertical plane when passed through an even magnetic field. It can be seen that the will link, when they have the correct orientation, with the magnetic strands. Fifty percent will have momentary links with the magnetic field when they are at the top of their spiral motion and gain an extra quantity spin vector downwards due to the extra space density formation due to greater R2 + V, the converse is true for the other electrons. The probability spread of electrons being incident with the magnetic lines forms a normal distribution, and a normal distribution of electrons is experimentally observed in the split beams.

Vortices react in numerous different ways when interacting - attracting, joining together, or repelling. This is essentially the basis for all inter particle forces.

Mass can be seen to operate on a simple level through collision of vortices as their compression and consequent decompression give a Newtonian basis to large mass collision. Often particle collision will be much more complex than this statement with some particles absorbing interstitial space and so forth, yet the overview of this process looks natural and promising for an explanation of mass. Inertia is another phenomenon which is explained by this process.

Conclusion

It is a significant success to show an overview of a methodology which does not require anything other than Newtonian mechanics to describe quantum phenomena. The above paper has shown more than a dozen matched characteristics between vortices and electron and particle behaviour. Many more, such as the awkward complex necessity of electrons being energetically self sustaining [to produce waves] may also be readily and simply deduced.

There are also validations via: the exclusion of abstract quantities, fields and forces; the lack of assumptions; and the exclusion of other approaches. Furthermore the primary shape of the spiral has been shown to be the most logical as it excludes the necessity for strong spatial binding.

In light of the fact that physicists commonly assume the non-homogeneity of Space / Time via curved space time, or Dense Space Theory [3], or through attempts at direct measurement of quantum foam [5], the non-homogeneity of Space / Time cannot be regarded as an assumption. Indeed the most important facet of this paper is that it is free from assumptions, as making a single assumption in this field as regards new fields, forces and qualities of space / time lead to an infinite number of solutions for a TOE. In light of the lack of assumptions the author feels that it is likely that a correct linkage of Newtonian mechanics and Quantum Mechanics has been formulated, and consequently that the basis for a correct Unifying Theory has been formed.

1. Helmholtz, H. Über die Integrale der hydromechanischen Gleichung. Crelles J., 55, 25, [1858]

2. Wolff, Milo Beyond the Point Particle — A Wave Structure for the Electron. Galilean Electrodynamics, Sept-Oct, pp. 83-91 [1995],

3. Siepmann, J.P. "The Laws of Space and Observation" Journal of Theoretics Vol. 1, No. 1 [1999]

4. Dimopoulos, S., and G. Landsberg.. Black holes at the Large Hadron Collider. Physical Review Letters 87 [2001].

5. Cahill R. T. Quantum-Foam In-Flow Theory of Gravity and the Global Positioning System [GPS]. arXiv:physics/0309016 [2003]

6. Newberry, P. J. 2003 "Overview of Space Density Relating to Particles" Journal of Space Density 1.1 To be published in the Journal of Dense space in July 2004 [www.website.lineone.net/~iq1/overview_of_space_density_relati.htm]

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